Wednesday, August 12, 2009

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Friday, July 31, 2009

High blood pressure? Homeopathy!


What comprehensive system of medicine developed by German physician Samuel Hahnemann 200 years ago offers safe, effective and affordable treatment for a host of common ailments from hay fever, arthritis and herpes to burns, indigestion, shock, colds, flu and high blood pressure? Homeopathy!
Homeopathy is a system of medical treatment as are Chinese medicine, herbalism, acupuncture, and the orthodox allopathic approach you encounter at the local hospital. In the United States, homeopathy comprises 3% of the country’s medical budget. In many European countries, such as France and Germany, as much as 30% of the medicine used is homeopathic. It is a popular approach in Latin America and India. There is a modern, five-story clinic in Moscow.
Homeopathy and orthodox medicine are nearly polar opposites in every respect. Orthodox medicine tries to effect a cure by directly opposing the “disease.” Homeopaths use symptoms as indications that the body -- a marvelous mechanism for cure -- is trying to heal itself, and encourage such action through the use of micro-amounts of medicine. The basic principle, born out by countless empirical tests, claims that substances which in large doses might cause a similar set of symptoms to those noted in the person, in small doses stimulate the body to work harder and more effectively at ridding itself of the actual illness.
It’s safe, effective, and affordable! Remedies are botanical, animal, mineral and chemical substances used in micro-dose quantities. The production of homeopathic remedies is regulated by the FDA and prescribed by the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States. Nearly all of the 1200+ remedies can be sold over the counter to self-prescribers and rarely cost more than a few dollars for a standard 1/2 oz bottle of 125 pills. Often only one or two pills are required to “cure” the problem for which the remedy was taken. Because of the infinitesimal doses used, homeopathy is considered among the safest of medicines. Correct remedy or not, there are no side effects from taking the medicine. Often, you can tell if it is working in an acute health situation in a matter of minutes, even seconds.
Who can use homeopathy? You. Your kids, parents, relatives and friends. You can even use it on your pets. The books guiding self-diagnosis, the safety of the remedies, over-the-counter availability of the medicine -- all combine to make it possible for you to gain some control of your own health care.
Professional practitioners are available. Many have been trained in orthodox medical schools, receiving MDs or Doctors in Osteopathy. Others using homeopathy in their practices include nurses, chiropractors, naturopaths, dentists, midwives and veterinarians. Regulations vary from state to state but there are a number of certified health care practitioners in the United States practicing legally under various health care freedom acts.
The presence of many study groups in the U.S. reflects the grass roots nature of homeopathy. They are informal, usually meet monthly, follow an established curriculum and open their membership to anyone interested in homeopathy as a way of healing. There is often a recital of the seemingly miraculous “cures” affected by people self-diagnosing and prescribing.
Things to consider and some resources:
No one stays in the homeopathy business long if they do not know what they are doing.
Remedies are not placebos and depend upon both accurate selection of the medicine needed and the existence of good quality medicine.
Washington Homeopathic Products provides good quality medicine, guaranteed.
Ask where a practitioner learned homeopathy.
Ask how long a practitioner studied.
A practitioner should respond that they received formal training for hundreds of hours and are constantly learning the art of homeopathy.
The National Center for Homeopathy in Alexandria, Virginia can provide information on the school, organization or practitioner under which they studied.
Do's and Don'ts about homeopathy.
Whole Health Now provides customers, professional health care providers, their patients and the general public with the highest quality complementary health products, services, and resources available at the lowest possible cost.
More than 700 common books and more than 1200 remedies may be purchased online and from various shops and centers around the world. Washington Homeopathic Products, established in 1873, has a complete line of more than 1700 individual remedies, 77 combinations, books and many related products. The new production facility is located in the Morgan County Business Park where WHP manufactures and ships bulk products to distributors. The storefront and shipping center for nearly 50,000 individuals, doctors, veterinarians, health food stores

Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Looking to prevent kidney damage in lupus


Kidney damage linked to the autoimmune disease lupus is associated with a malfunction of immune cells that causes them to congregate in and attack the organs, scientists at UT Southwestern Medical Center have discovered in a mouse study.In a separate study with an international team, the scientists also observed that a certain set of genes appears to protect the kidneys from a different sort of immune attack in both mice and humans."These studies, taken together, uncover two important molecules that underlie the pathology of lupus, especially kidney disease," said Dr. Edward Wakeland, chairman of immunology at UT Southwestern and co-senior author of the studies."In addition, they highlight a certain molecule as a potential target for treating this disease," he said.In the first study, which appears in the recent issue of The Journal of Immunology, the scientists examined several strains of mice that mimic human lupus. They observed that immune cells in those mice overproduced a particular molecule called CXCR4. In fact, the mice had up to twice as much CXCR4 as their normal counterparts in several types of immune cells. The lupus-prone mice also had more immune-system cells in their kidneys, indicating that the inflammatory action of the immune cells might be causing the kidney damage

Genes, smoking and rheumatoid arthritis


Recent genetic studies have revealed several new sites of genes that are risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The strongest association with anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive RA (ACPAs are autoantibodies detected in RA that are used as a major diagnostic tool) has been found for the HLA-DRB1 gene, and this site seems to play a central role in susceptibility to the disease in Caucasian populations. Prior studies have shown a high increase in the risk of ACPA-positive RA linked to smoking in those who have certain variations of the HLA-DRB1 gene. There are several types of such alleles correlation to a particular amino acid sequence known as shared epitope (SE). ACPAs occur in about 60 percent of RA patients and are closely associated with the presence of SE alleles. In fact, SE alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for ACPA-positive RA.Of several environmental factors that predispose people toward developing RA, smoking has been found to be the main risk factor and a strong gene-environment interaction between smoking and SE alleles for ACPA-positive patients has been shown in prior studies in Europe. Results in North America have not been as conclusive, however. A new large population-based study examined the gene-environment interaction between smoking and SE alleles in RA and observed that all SE alleles strongly interact with smoking in conferring an increased risk of ACPA-positive RA. The study was reported in the recent issue of Arthritis & Rheumatism.

Main childhood obesity cause


There is an alarming increase in obesity in America, especially among children. Experts estimate that 15 percent of kids are overweight and another 15 percent are at risk of becoming overweight. And two thirds of these overweight kids will become overweight adults.
Obesity in childhood and adolescence can be related to poor eating habits, lack of exercise (i.e., couch potato kids), family history of obesity and medical illnesses.
It has been speculated that television viewing is one of the most easily modifiable causes of obesity among children. Television viewing may reduce energy expenditure and increase dietary energy intake.
Children in the United States watch an average of three hours of television a day.
The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that children should watch no more than two hours of television each day.
In one study from University College London, researchers found that each additional hour of weekend TV watching by five-year-old children over two hours may increase the risk of obesity by 7 percent.
There are many risks and complications with obesity. Physical consequences include increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure; diabetes and breathing problems.Researchers suggest parents limit the frequency of television viewing by encouraging alternate forms of recreation and selective program choices. Lasting weight loss can only occur when there is self-motivation.
Since obesity often affects more than one family member, making healthy eating and regular exercise a family activity can improve the chances of successful weight control for the child or adolescent

Monday, July 27, 2009

Wednesday, July 22, 2009

FOOD ALLERGIES AND HOMEOPATHY


Ever heard of someone developing a life-threatening allergic reaction from a tiny part of a peanut? Ever heard of someone having an asthma attack just after taking a spoon of cooked mushrooms? Or severe attack of migraine triggered by black pepper. These may sound strange, but are true!

These are intriguing for the medical world too as some important questions remain unanswered. Why some of us suddenly develop a strong allergy to a food substance that we have been eating so often? And why do they start so suddenly in life?
Many people think the terms ?food allergy? and ?food intolerance? mean the same thing, but they do not. Food intolerance is an adverse food-induced reaction that does not involve the immune system. Lactose intolerance is one example of food intolerance. A person with lactose intolerance lacks an enzyme that is needed to digest milk sugar. When the person eats milk products, symptoms such as gas, bloating and abdominal pain may occur.

High blood pressure in young people


High Blood Pressure Could Be Killing You While You Are Young
Research shows that high blood pressure starts much early in life and at times goes undetected for decades until it shows itself in symptoms. It usually, is one of the most common cause for heart disease. In an extensive research carried around the world for six years, a scientific panel learned that the problems in the cardiovascular system (heart and the vessels carrying blood) can begin at much lower blood pressure levels than previously believed .
It concluded that the risk of heart disease and stroke can begin to rise when blood pressure increases past 120/80. That?s why the panel developed a new range called ?Pre hypertension?- for readings between 120/80 and 139/89. People with blood pressure readings in the Pre-hypertension range are now encouraged to adopt life style changes to lower their blood pressure levels or else they would develop hypertension (high blood pressure) and become prone to heart disease and Stroke.
Blood pressure is measure of pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the walls of arteries .It is measured in two numbers ?systolic over diastolic?. Systolic the top number is the pressure exerted when the heart pumps the blood, diastolic the bottom number is the pressure exerted when the heart is resting between the two beats. People with blood pressure readings over 140/90 are said to be having hypertension.
Although Pathological causes such as Pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal), coarctation of aorta (bending of a major artery) and renal diseases are not so common but need to excluded as being the cause for hypertension.. When no such cause is ascertained the increased blood pressure is called as ?Essential Hypertension?. Essential Hypertension in young is generally an out come of a faulty living habits- which mainly include improper diet, sedentary life style, alcohol and smoking. Genetic factors also play a role in its early onset. High blood pressure is dangerous as it makes the heart work hard and contributes to hardening of the arteries. It increases the risk of heart disease and stroke .It can also lead to kidney and eye diseases.
The treatment of prehypertension and hypertension in young requires a combination of a well rounded homoeopathic intervention and restructuring of one lifestyle .Homoeopathic intervention aims at treating the whole patient and not just the symptoms .Among many homoeopathic medicines that are found useful, Nux Vomica leads the table in treating essential hypertension in the young when the cause can be attributed to faulty living style i.e. . Sedentary living, overwork, stimulants etc. Ignatia and Kali Phos are helpful when mental stress are the key causative factors. Natrum Mur helps those who are addicted to high salt diet and also where long standing grief is the cause for elevated blood pressure levels. Medicines mentioned above are for information purpose only and should not be used without professional help

Sinus problem & homeopathic treatment


COME winter and it is time for all the cold-related illnesses. Sinusitis happens to be one of them. Although its occurrence is not always related to cold and can happen any time of the year, for those who are sensitive to the least chill in the air, sinusitis may be just round the corner. Homeopathic treatment can be of great help to those who suffer from sinusitis often during winter.
Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses (hollow spaces) in our skull. These hollow spaces are linked to the nose from inside. The anatomical presence of these cavities makes our skull light for our neck to bear it. Sinuses also provide the resonance to our tone when we speak. So, the presence of the sinuses is not a problem but it is their inflammation (sinusitis) that causes distress. Inflammation can be acute, recurrent or of chronic nature.
Sinuses are four sets of hollow spaces in our skull. They are situated in cheek bones, forehead, behind the bridge of the nose and between the eyes and yet another set is situated in the upper region of the nose and behind the eyes. All of these sinuses have the same lining that is present in our nose. This lining produces mucus which is drained out of these sinuses through an opening in the nose. During an attack of cold or allergies (mucous membranes start producing more mucus during cold, etc.) swelling in the nose and sinuses can cause the drainage from the sinuses to get blocked. This blockage leads to the trapping of mucus in the sinuses resulting in the growth of bacteria and viruses.
The symptoms
The symptoms of sinusitis depend upon the sinus that gets affected. The morning headache when one wakes up is typical of sinusitis: blocked sensation: in the nose, heaviness and pain in the facial bones and head may occur due to the underlying inflamed sinus. Inflammation in the sinuses that are present behind the bridge of the nose and in-between the eyes can lead to swelling in the eyelids and the tissues around the eyes. Inflammation in the maxillary sinuses can cause pain in the upper jaw and teeth.
Sinusitis may be accompanied by other symptoms of nasal congestion, runny nose, fever, tiredness and cough that may aggravate at night. Post-nasal dripping of mucus can cause problems in the throat too.
A correctly prescribed homeopathic medicine can be a great boon to those who suffer from sinusitis. Homeopathic treatment aims at rebuilding one’s immunity towards such attack. Although it may take some time, a well-aimed homeopathic treatment can completely cure the chronicity and recurrence of this disease.
Homeopathic medicines Silicea and Kali Bichrome lead the homeopathic table in treating all kinds of sinusitis whether acute, chronic or recurrent. Silicea is very affective in treating sinusitis in individuals who are extremely sensitive to the least amount of chill in the air and often develop frontal headaches or heaviness during the attack of sinusitis. Kali Bichrome is helpful in cases where the discharges are very stringy, sticky and yellowish green or when the patient complains of a constant pain in the root of the nose. Other important homeopathic medicines like Hydrastis and Merc Sol also need special mention

Tuesday, July 21, 2009

Arnica Mont


Plants are always popular in the food department. Even the most plant-blind person still has to eat them. Archaeozoology documents the history of the potato, a plant that had an important impact on human history. Over at Wiggly Wigglers Karen profiles the Dandelion. Fruit Species profiles the Sugar Apple – Fruity’s coverage of tropical fruit is enough to generate real homesickness. Green Me says “If you love me, give me strawberries” and encourages people to eat organic strawberries. Jamie McIntosh of Suite101: Organic Gardens blog encourages expectant mothers to eat – and garden – organically. In a quest to eat locally produced food, Green Me learns how difficult it is to find non-GM beet sugar. Larry of botanizing marvels at the artichoke and the orchid, while discussing evolutionary history and Darwin. AppleJade talks about getting a jump on spring planting. And It’s Easy Being Green has a review of Michael Pollan’s new book In Defense of Food, while Erin at Gastronormous talks about his earlier book, The Botany of Desire.
Also on the topic of food, Jeremy of the Agricultural Biodiversity Weblog discusses his adventures using informatics to stalk wild peanuts – and lays claim to a new verb! At Desertification Willem discusses some of the challenges associated with the important work of promoting local fruit species in Africa. Jan TenBruggencate at Raising Islands talks about the role of seaweed in the diet of ancient Hawai’i.
At its best, the blogosphere is a conversation. I commented on an article in Nature Biotechnology which discusses the evolution of resistance in Bt cotton. Both Tangled Up In Blue Guy and Karl Mogel at the Inoculated Mind discussed some of the implications of the paper. While GM crops are a mixed bag, there are some very real benefits in crops like cotton. It’s also a great example of the application of evolutionary theory to real-world problems. I also discussed a paper on cyclotides, a group of very interesting insecticidal compounds in plants that appear to act by damaging midgut cells in insect larvae, thus stunting their growth.
Finally, there’s no way you can talk about plants without getting into their visual beauty. I could link to any post at Botany Photo of the Day, but I really love today’s Aristolochia elegans. Kallen at Biojournalism welcomes the flowers of Spring. The Reluctant Botanist profiles Alectryon excelsus also known as Titoki or the New Zealand Oak in his “Plant of the Week” feature.
This concludes this edition of Berry Go Round. The next edition will be hosted at Greg Laden’s Blog. You can submit your blog article to the next edition the carnival submission form. Past posts and future hosts can be found at the

Capsicum


(Solanaceae) native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands of years by the people of the tropical Americas, and is now cultivated worldwide. Some of the members of Capsicum are used as spices, vegetables, and medicines. The fruit of Capsicum plants have a variety of names depending on place and type. They are commonly called chilli pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in Britain, and typically just capsicum in Australian and Indian English. The large mild form is called bell pepper in the US and Canada. They are called paprika in some other countries (although paprika can also refer to the powdered spice made from various capsicum fruit).

Thursday, July 16, 2009

Negative Effects of smoking




Dear god…. the transition from the physical to the physiological withdrawal is rather INSANE! I have done all the research and you all know me well enough that I also read the studies. This day has been the hardest. Actually it has been the the night that is the worst. I have found the physiological to be far more intense and less controllable. My brain is apparently screaming for some dopamine.

Structure of Teeth


The three main parts of a tooth are the crown, neck and root. The crown (the part of the tooth you see - above the gums) is covered by a protective, bony layer of enamel, and the root of the tooth is covered by a sensitive, bonelike substance called cementum.
A hard substance known as dentin surrounds the pulp, which contains nerves (sensing heat, cold, pain, and pressure) and blood vessels (nourishing the tooth).

Rebuilding Lungs after smoking



Kerry Maloney / Idaho Statesman — Joanne Graff demonstrates how swine lungs are used by the Central District Heath Department to show the effects of smoking. The lung on the left is a clean lung; the lung on the right shows what the lung of someone who smoked a pack a day for 20 years would look like.

Monday, July 13, 2009

teeth






Causes
Occlusion refers to the alignment of teeth and the way that the upper and lower teeth fit together (bite). Ideally, all upper teeth fit slightly over the lower teeth. The points of the molars fit the grooves of the opposite molar.
The upper teeth keep the cheeks and lips from being bitten and the lower teeth pro

Carbon monoxide poisoning
Toxicity from medication, alcohol, or illegal drugs
Abnormal hormone levels, such as from the thyroid or adrenal gland
Abnormal blood chemistries, such as sodium or calcium
Very low or very high levels of blood sugar
Very low or very high body temperatures
Severe nutrient deficiency

Friday, July 10, 2009


“The mystique may remain, and the geography will be celebrated in the future by novelists,” said Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the UN anti-drug agency, in an interview. “But from our vantage point, we see a region that is rapidly moving towards an opium-free status.”
The Golden Triangle has been eclipsed by the Golden Crescent – the poppy-growing area in and around Afghanistan that is now the source of an estimated 92 percent of the world’s opium, according to the United Nations, which bases its statistics on satellite imagery of poppy fields.

No debemos dejar Nux Vomica sin hablar antes de su gran eficacia en las cefaleas y en los dolores dorsolumbares. Las cefaleas se presentan a menudo asociadas con las afecciones gástricas, hepáticas, abdominales y hemorroidales. También aquí las modalidades, más que el carácter del dolor, deciden la elección. Las agravaciones son las siguientes: por el esfuerzo mental, la mortificación, el cólera; al aire libre; al despertarse por la mañana; después de comer; por el abuso de café o bebidas alcohólicas; por la acidez gástrica; por la exposición al sol; al agacharse; por la luz y el ruido; al abrir los ojos o al moverlos; al toser; por los excesos de comida o platos muy condimentados; en el tiempo tormentoso; después de ingerir drogas; por la masturbación; por la constipación o hemorroides

If you (or someone you know) has metastatic cancer of the lung, prostate, colon, rectum, kidney, pancreas or malignant melanoma that is not responding to standard treatments, you may be able to participate in our clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety of a new type of cell therapy. Specifically, we are testing the safety and tolerability of the infusion of a type of your own white blood cells called NK cells.

Saturday, July 4, 2009

Homeopathy Treatment for Heart Diseases


Homeopathy alone does not treat heart disease as it is known that heart disease is a chronic condition. The good thing about homeopath is that it can be able to give you some complements in medicine. Aconitum napellus is one of the homeopathic remedies that help in the treatment of cardiovascular ailments in the heart. This type of treatment is important when you are anxious and impatient.

Alternative Health


Homeopathy is considered an Alternative health practice; it provides non-toxic medicines to treat a wide variety of health ailments. Homeopathy is based on the principle that the body has a natural ability to heal itself. Homeopaths treat the symptoms with the substance that caused the symptom. This theory is called like cures like, meaning that a large dose of a substance might cause symptoms in a healthy person while a small doses will provide the cure and build a stronger immunity.

Monday, June 22, 2009

DO I HAVE TO BELIEVE IN ACUPUNCTURE FOR IT TO WORK ?

No. Acupuncture is used successfully on cats, dogs, horses and other animals. These animal patients do not understand or believe in the process that helps them get better. A positive attitude toward wellness may reinforce the effects of the treatment received, just as a negative at- titude may hinder the effects of acupuncture or any other treatment. A neutral attitude will not block the treatment results.
Yes. In the past 2,000 years, more people have been successfully treated with acupuncture than with all other health modalities combined. Today acupuncture is practiced widely in Asia, the Soviet Union, and in Europe. It is now being used more and more in America by patients and physicians. Acupuncture treatments can be given at the same time other techniques are being used, such as conventional Western medicine, osteopathic or chiropractic adjustments, and homeopathic or naturopathic prescriptions, It is important that your physician-acupuncturist know everything that you are doing, so he or she can help you get the most benefit from alt your treatments.

ARE THERE ANY SIDE EFFECTS TO ACUPUNCTURE ?

Usually not. As energy is redirected in the body, internal chemicals and hormones are stimulated and healing begins to take place. Occasionally the original symptoms worsen for a few days, or other general changes in appetite, sleep, bowel or urination patterns, or emotional state may be triggered. These should not cause concern, as they are simply indications that the acupuncture is starting to work. It is quite common with the first one or two treatments to have a sensation of deep relaxation or even mild disorientation immediately following the treatment. These pass within a short time, and never require anything more than a bit of rest to overcome.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHIATSU, ACCUPRESSURE. REFLEXOLOGY AND ACUPUNCTURE ?

Although Shiatsu, Accupressure & Reflexology utilized similar meridians 'points' throughout the body to stimulate the innate ability for the body to heal; these manual type of therapies are a form of massage and can be learned by through correspondence and does not require years of precise training and practice that acupuncturist undertake. Acupuncturist training is standardized and requires at minimum an undergraduate degree followed by 2 to 3 years of intensive traditional chinese medicine education with acupuncture theory and point selection. Recent announcements by the Ontario provincial government indicate all intents and purposes to regulate the practice of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine only by those who are educated and certified to practice. At Sherwoodtowne, our Acupuncturist is certified and supports regulation of Acupuncture. Shiatsu, Accupressure & Reflexology are yet to attain regulation status and they are not coverage by extended health insurance; whereas, acupuncture is.

WHAT TRAINING IS REQUIRED TO BECOME AN ACUPUNCTURIST ?

Acupuncture is a distinct system of natural medicine & therapy that requires precise knowledge of anatomy & physiology, and clean needle technique. Acupuncturist training is standardized and requires at minimum an undergraduate degree followed by 2 to 3 years of intensive acupuncture theory plus a minimum 600 hours of direct patient contact time. At minimum Acupuncturist must have 1500 hours of training. Some western acupuncturists have travelled abroad- specifically Beijing to undertake training in hospitals like the Training Center of China Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineChinese which is a recognized by the National Certification Council For Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM) - USA and the Canadian Examining Board of Health Care Practitioners - Canada. Acupuncture is currently in the last phases of becoming regulated and it is important to know where an acupuncturist received their training and whether they are certified and only certified acupuncturist have malpractice insurance.

WHAT IS MEDICAL ACUPUNCTURE? IS IT DIFFERENT FROM ORDINARY ACUPUNCTURE?

Acupuncture is a very old medical art, and there are many approaches to learning and practicing it. Medical acupuncture is the term used to describe acupuncture performed by a registered nursed or doctor trained and licensed in Western medicine who has also had thorough training in acupuncture as a specialty practice. Such a practitioner can use one or the other approach, or a combination of both as the need arises, to treat an illness.

Definitions of credentials


HD — Homeopathic Doctor DHMS — Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & SciencesDHMHS — Diploma of Homeopathic Medicine & SciencesNMD - Doctor of Naturopathic MedicineMD - Medical DoctorDTCMA — Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture CAHP — Certified Acupuncture Health Practitioner DipAc — Diploma Acupuncture BScN — Bachelor of Science Nursing
BA — Bachelor of Arts
RN — Registered Nurse RHN — Registered Holistic Nutritionist PhD — Doctoral Degree DC — Chiropractic Doctor HIS — Herbal Information Specialist DMD — Doctor of Medical Dentistry

Clinical Trials of Homeopathy

British Medical Journal, February 9, 1991, 302:316-323.
This is the most widely cited meta-analysis of clinical research prior to 1991. This meta-analysis reviewed 107 studies of homeopathic medicines, 81 of which (or 77%) showed positive effect. Of the best 22 studies, 15 showed efficacy. The researchers concluded: "The evidence presented in this review would probably be sufficient for establishing homeopathy as a regular treatment for certain indications." Further, "The amount of positive evidence even among the best studies came as a surprise to us."